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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
In addition to learner-internal influences, CLKs' awareness of their own resistance to change and the relational affordances they could draw on were significant. For instance the RIs of TS and ZL both cited their local professor relationships as a major factor in their decision to not criticize the strictness of a professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all local published pragmatic research on Korean up to 2020. It focuses on key practical issues, including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion is a common tool in the field of pragmatic research. It has numerous advantages, but also some disadvantages. The DCT, for example, does not take into account individual and cultural differences. The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations. It should be carefully analyzed before being used for research or 프라그마틱 이미지 evaluation.
Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful tool to investigate the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability to manipulate social variables that affect politeness in two or more steps could be a strength. This feature can be used to study the role of prosody in different cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools to analyze the communication habits of learners. It can be used to analyze numerous issues, like politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to determine the level of phonological sophistication in learners' speech.
Recent research used an DCT as an instrument to test the refusal skills of EFL students. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from, and then asked to choose the most appropriate response. The authors discovered that the DCT to be more efficient than other methods of refusal like a questionnaire or video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of methods for collecting data.
DCTs can be developed using specific linguistic criteria, such as design and content. These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of test developers. They are not necessarily correct, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually refuse requests in actual interactions. This issue requires more study on alternative methods for assessing refusal competency.
A recent study examined DCT responses to requests made by students through email with those gathered from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and made a less frequent use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It employed a variety of experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs at the upper-intermediate level who responded to DCTs, MQs, and RIs. They were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal performance in RIs. The results indicated that the CLKs were more likely to reject native Korean pragmatic norms, 프라그마틱 슬롯 and their choices were influenced by four major factors such as their personalities, multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, and relational affordances. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment.
First, the MQ data were examined to identify the participants' rational choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared the choices with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of resistance to pragmatics. The interviewees were asked to justify their decision to use pragmatic language in a specific situation.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Z tests. The CLKs were discovered to use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack experience with the target languages, which led to an inadequate understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to differ from L1 and L2 norms or to move towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT situations. In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14 CLKs preferred a convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed the CLKs were aware their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted on a one-to-one basis within two days of participants having completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, then coded by two independent coders. Coding was an iterative process in which the coders discussed and read each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
The central problem in the field of pragmatic research is: Why do some learners choose not to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question using a variety of experiments, including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were asked to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs either in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that, on average, the CLKs rejected the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40% of their answers. They did this even when they could produce patterns that resembled native speakers. They were also aware of their pragmatic resistance. They attributed their choice to learner-internal factors like their personality and multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors, like relationship advantages. For example, they described how their relationships with professors facilitated an easier performance in regards to the linguistic and intercultural standards of their university.
However, the interviewees also expressed concerns about the social pressures and punishments that they might be subject to if they violated the local social norms. They were concerned that their local friends might perceive them as "foreigners" and believe that they are unintelligent. This was a concern similar to those voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. Future researchers should consider reassessing the applicability of these tests in different cultural contexts and in specific situations. This will allow them to better understand the effects of different cultures on the behavior of students and 프라그마틱 슬롯 게임 [continue reading this..] classroom interactions of students from L2. This will also aid educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, 프라그마틱 정품 사이트, bbs.pku.edu.cn, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigational strategy that relies on participant-centered, deep studies to study a specific subject. This method makes use of numerous sources of information like documents, interviews, and observations to prove its findings. This type of investigation can be used to examine unique or 프라그마틱 정품 사이트 complex subjects that are difficult for other methods to assess.
In a case study the first step is to clearly define the subject as well as the purpose of the study. This will allow you to identify what aspects of the subject are important to investigate and which ones can be skipped. It is also useful to study the literature to gain a general understanding of the subject. It will also help place the case within a larger theoretical framework.
This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the experiment showed that L2 Korean students were extremely susceptible to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answers, which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency to include their own words or "garbage" to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their answers.
The participants in this study were all L2 Korean students who had achieved level four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year of university and were hoping to reach level six by their next attempt. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness and understanding and knowledge of the world.
The interviewees were presented with two scenarios, each of which involved an imaginary interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. The interviewees were asked to justify their decision. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personalities. For example, TS claimed that she was hard to get close to, and she therefore did not want to inquire about the health of her interlocutors despite having a heavy workload, even though she believed that native Koreans would do so.
In addition to learner-internal influences, CLKs' awareness of their own resistance to change and the relational affordances they could draw on were significant. For instance the RIs of TS and ZL both cited their local professor relationships as a major factor in their decision to not criticize the strictness of a professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all local published pragmatic research on Korean up to 2020. It focuses on key practical issues, including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion is a common tool in the field of pragmatic research. It has numerous advantages, but also some disadvantages. The DCT, for example, does not take into account individual and cultural differences. The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations. It should be carefully analyzed before being used for research or 프라그마틱 이미지 evaluation.
Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful tool to investigate the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability to manipulate social variables that affect politeness in two or more steps could be a strength. This feature can be used to study the role of prosody in different cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools to analyze the communication habits of learners. It can be used to analyze numerous issues, like politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to determine the level of phonological sophistication in learners' speech.
Recent research used an DCT as an instrument to test the refusal skills of EFL students. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from, and then asked to choose the most appropriate response. The authors discovered that the DCT to be more efficient than other methods of refusal like a questionnaire or video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of methods for collecting data.
DCTs can be developed using specific linguistic criteria, such as design and content. These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of test developers. They are not necessarily correct, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually refuse requests in actual interactions. This issue requires more study on alternative methods for assessing refusal competency.
A recent study examined DCT responses to requests made by students through email with those gathered from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and made a less frequent use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It employed a variety of experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs at the upper-intermediate level who responded to DCTs, MQs, and RIs. They were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal performance in RIs. The results indicated that the CLKs were more likely to reject native Korean pragmatic norms, 프라그마틱 슬롯 and their choices were influenced by four major factors such as their personalities, multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, and relational affordances. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment.
First, the MQ data were examined to identify the participants' rational choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared the choices with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of resistance to pragmatics. The interviewees were asked to justify their decision to use pragmatic language in a specific situation.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Z tests. The CLKs were discovered to use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack experience with the target languages, which led to an inadequate understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to differ from L1 and L2 norms or to move towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT situations. In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14 CLKs preferred a convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed the CLKs were aware their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted on a one-to-one basis within two days of participants having completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, then coded by two independent coders. Coding was an iterative process in which the coders discussed and read each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
The central problem in the field of pragmatic research is: Why do some learners choose not to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question using a variety of experiments, including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were asked to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs either in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that, on average, the CLKs rejected the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40% of their answers. They did this even when they could produce patterns that resembled native speakers. They were also aware of their pragmatic resistance. They attributed their choice to learner-internal factors like their personality and multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors, like relationship advantages. For example, they described how their relationships with professors facilitated an easier performance in regards to the linguistic and intercultural standards of their university.
However, the interviewees also expressed concerns about the social pressures and punishments that they might be subject to if they violated the local social norms. They were concerned that their local friends might perceive them as "foreigners" and believe that they are unintelligent. This was a concern similar to those voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. Future researchers should consider reassessing the applicability of these tests in different cultural contexts and in specific situations. This will allow them to better understand the effects of different cultures on the behavior of students and 프라그마틱 슬롯 게임 [continue reading this..] classroom interactions of students from L2. This will also aid educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, 프라그마틱 정품 사이트, bbs.pku.edu.cn, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigational strategy that relies on participant-centered, deep studies to study a specific subject. This method makes use of numerous sources of information like documents, interviews, and observations to prove its findings. This type of investigation can be used to examine unique or 프라그마틱 정품 사이트 complex subjects that are difficult for other methods to assess.
In a case study the first step is to clearly define the subject as well as the purpose of the study. This will allow you to identify what aspects of the subject are important to investigate and which ones can be skipped. It is also useful to study the literature to gain a general understanding of the subject. It will also help place the case within a larger theoretical framework.
This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the experiment showed that L2 Korean students were extremely susceptible to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answers, which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency to include their own words or "garbage" to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their answers.
The participants in this study were all L2 Korean students who had achieved level four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year of university and were hoping to reach level six by their next attempt. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness and understanding and knowledge of the world.
The interviewees were presented with two scenarios, each of which involved an imaginary interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. The interviewees were asked to justify their decision. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personalities. For example, TS claimed that she was hard to get close to, and she therefore did not want to inquire about the health of her interlocutors despite having a heavy workload, even though she believed that native Koreans would do so.
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